The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer systems that use the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) for communication. It connects billions of devices, enabling data exchange, communication, and access to services worldwide. The Internet has transformed communication, commerce, education, and entertainment but also brings concerns about privacy, security, and the digital divide.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages and applications. It structures content using elements and tags, which browsers interpret to display web pages. HTML has evolved, with HTML5 as the current version, introducing semantic elements, better multimedia support, and improved form controls. HTML works with CSS for styling and JavaScript for interactivity, forming the core of modern web development.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a styling language used to define the presentation of HTML or XML documents. It separates design from content, controlling the layout, colors, and fonts of web pages. Using selectors, CSS applies styles to specific HTML elements. It supports responsive design through media queries and includes advanced layout tools like Flexbox and Grid. Key concepts like the cascade, inheritance, and specificity determine how styles are applied, while animations and transitions enable dynamic user interfaces.

JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language essential for creating dynamic, interactive web pages. It supports object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming, and is used both client-side in browsers and server-side with Node.js. JavaScript features dynamic typing, first-class functions, and prototype-based object orientation. Widely used in web development, it remains one of the most popular languages, evolving through the ECMAScript standards.

GitHub has become a central hub for open-source projects and is widely used by developers, companies, and organizations for both private and public repositories. It was acquired by Microsoft in 2018 but continues to operate as a relatively independent entity. GitHub’s popularity has made it an essential tool in modern software development workflows and a key platform for showcasing coding projects and contributing to open-source software.